Choose N Enroll Archives - OMS eLearning Academy for Refinery Offsite Operations

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This topic is a placeholder for the topic to be included in this academy in the future. The topic will cover any of the MCOR areas for the refinery operations, namely 1. How to manage infrastructure, 2. How to control…

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OEA100T-Octane Measurement by Knock Engine

OEA102T-Octane Measurement by Spectrum-Based Technology

OEA103T-Comparison of Knock Engine Versus Spectrum-Based Methods

OEA101T-Integrated Analyzer Technology and Applications

OEA104T-NIR and NMR versus CFR Analyzers – Selection and Cost Effectiveness

OEA105T-LPG, Lube, and Naptha Blending

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OEA145T-Critical Success Factors in Process Analyzers Technology

A refinery uses multiplexed online or discrete analyzers to measure incoming crude oil qualities and outgoing products. The measured qualities may be different crude oil and end-user products. Many analyzer technologies are available in the marketplace based on required quality…

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OEA149T-Dynamic optimization using pre-trained analyzer models

The traditional Approach involves solving two optimization problems. The first is finding the process’s economically optimal steady-state working point. The second is bringing the process from its current to the desired state subject to a defined cost optimization criterion. The…

OEA147T-Gasoline and Diesel online blending analyzers

Analyzers fall into two categories, namely discrete analyzers and correlative analyzers. Discrete analyzers measure only one quality, whereas the correlative analyzers can measure many qualities simultaneously using the spectroscopic spectrum. NIR, NMR, and FTIR are a few examples of correlative…

OEA146T-Crude oil online blending analyzers

In the past, refineries were constructed to distill conventional light crude oils. However, current economic variations in the price of crude oils and shifting demand for distillates have forced refineries to reduce the cost of their distillation feedstock. The requirement…

OEA148T-In-line blending optimization based on neural network modeling

Crude oil blending aims to get the crude for the crude unit and second product blending to obtain the final fuel products most cost-effectively. In addition, crude blending allows refineries to use opportunity crudes. However, by mixing these crudes with…

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OEA99T-LPG Blending

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OEA92T-Gasoline Blending

OEA91T-Butane Blending

The blending of Butane with gasoline is done to enhance RVP (Reid Vapor Pressure). It is a light liquid stream. Because of high Octane, Butane is preferred for gasoline blending. Here, there is a limitation of high RVP. Because of…

OEA96T-Ethanol Blending

OEA95T-Bunker Oil Blending

OEA94T-Fuel Oil Blending

OEA93T-Diesel Blending

OEA98T-Lube Oil Blending

OEA97T-Naptha Blending

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OEA2T-Advanced Blend Control Strategy

Blending technology has advanced in bits and pieces over the last 50+ years to its current state. These changes happened as the business regulations changed, advancements in car manufacturing required better fuels, and competition increased from other refineries in the…

OEA33T-How to Realize and Sustain Benefits

The concept of key performance indicators (KPI) is a critical technique to assess the progress toward the success and achievement of the refinery objectives. This topic deals with the diesel rundown blender, kerosene rundown blender, open-loop KPI criteria, steps to…

OEA35T-Identification of Automation Areas

Most refineries have or are in the process of shifting their manual equipment into automated systems to create an efficient, precise environment. Many valves can be automated and controlled by software. This topic discusses blending operations survey areas, survey objectives,…

OEA36T-Interface With Other Systems

This course will learn how a petroleum refinery interacts with other instrumentation technology and information technology systems. These interactions happen through a system called an interface. This topic discusses process and systems interfaces, offline blend optimizer interfaces, online blend control…

OEA15T-Blending Modeling Process

The blending modeling process consists of mixing feedstocks to make several blends. Accuracy plays a significant role in blend modeling. Any inaccuracy may result in an overall reduction of profit because it may sacrifice the quality of the product. This…

OEA14T-Blending Definition and Formulation

Nowadays, different product qualities are blended to achieve the product that has preferred qualities. The blending process mixes components with other attributes to make blend products with specific characteristics. This topic discusses the mathematical formulation of the fuel blending problem…

OEA13T-Blender Configurations

Crude oil consists of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and hetero compounds. In petroleum refineries, understanding blending is essential because different product qualities are blended to achieve a product with specific qualities. This topic teaches the definition of blending, why…

OEA12T-Blend Trim Control

Trim blending control is done through ratio control in a system to streamline refinery operations. It aims at producing high-quality blends to reduce blend costs while maintaining specification compliance. High octane component is used for trim blending. This topic discusses…

OEA19T-Control Matrix of Qualities

In the product blending process, distinctive blending components are distributed so that the final product fulfills the required specifications at the lowest possible cost. However, determining the exact final product properties can be challenging. Therefore, the prime objective of this…

OEA18T-Control and Optimization of a Rundown Blending System

There are two methods of blending: batch in-line blending and multi-header rundown blending. Batch in-line blending uses a single header while all blend components are proportionally and simultaneously conducted. On the other hand, multiple-header rundown blending involves many processing units.…

OEA17T-Collaboration of Data and Process for Refinery Offsite Operations

Various refining process data types deal with several processes within a refinery industry to bring out the required output. The data types consider the available data so that processes can be controlled accordingly. This topic discusses how processes and data…

OEA16T-Problems and Challenges of Blending Operations

Refiners must increase their operational efficiencies to meet demand by producing refined products, maximizing their productivity, and lowering the costs of their products. Therefore, the prime objective of this topic is to outline blending problems and challenges that should be…

OEA23T-Demonstration of an Offline Blend Optimizer System

Blending in a refinery is essential to minimize cost and maximize profit while producing products within the required specifications and demands. Therefore, all the available components are utilized to produce specified products. This topic discusses offline blend optimizers, compare them…

OEA22T-Demo of a Commercial Oil Movement and Storage System

An integrated virtual refinery simulation platform is obtained when system simulation joins virtual reality. The applications of a virtual refinery are numerous. This topic will describe the typical tank farm in a refinery, tank information system (TIS), order movement management…

OEA20T-Crude Blending-Part I

Blended crude feeds may satisfy the operational needs that they cannot fulfill as individual feeds. Thus, crude blending aims to minimize the reliance on crude-feed quality for stable and optimum operation while maximizing the produced yields and quality. This topic…

OEA24T-Discussion of Results-Marginal Values Analysis

Marginal values are valid for a specific range of variables. They change as soon as a modification is induced in either the independent variable or the dependent variable. They are crucial in the refinery because they help prevent quality giveaways.…

OEA27T-Field Equipment and Instrumentation

For the proper function of a refinery, along with appropriate equipment, adequate instrumentation is also required. Proper instrumentation increases the quality of work, prevents damage, and provides sufficient control over the equipment. This topic discusses the typical blender, equipment lineup,…

OEA26T-Case Study-Blend Optimization, Single Blend and Single Period

This topic is a placeholder for the topic to be included in this academy in the future. The topic will cover any of the MCOR areas for the refinery operations, namely: 1. How to manage infrastructure; 2. How to control…

OEA25T-Tangible Benefits of Refinery Offsite Operations

Offsite production and maintenance are of vital importance to a refinery economy and viability. Necessary changes in the control and management of offsite operations can be accomplished by automating a refinery offsite, often with less than two years’ payback. This…

OEA30T-How to Benchmark the State of a Refinery Fuel Blending System

Refiners use an automated fuel blending system when making fuel products to meet the strict specifications of the end products. Strict monitoring is required to keep the fuel blending system controlled and optimized, so it is crucial to benchmark the…

OEA29T-Gasoline, Diesel, and Fuel Oil Specifications

One of the most critical economic challenges for a gasoline refiner is choosing the best mix of elements to manufacture the final gasoline fuel. Unfortunately, blending fuel is far more complicated than simply combining different components. This topic discusses fuel…

OEA28T-Fuel Blending Operations in a Refinery

Blending is a vital process in determining the quality of fuel products and profit generation in a refinery. It is done with the help of crude oil products. They are blended and utilized in the production of fuel oil blends,…

OEA31T-How to Handle Quality Violations and Giveaways

The maintenance of petroleum product quality is one of the many challenging tasks in refinery processes. The petroleum refining processes transform crude oil into valuable products. This topic discusses various challenging issues, giveaways, and violations that affect the quality of…

OEA62T-Refinery-Wide Planning and Scheduling

A refinery produces many streams of different properties and grades. These streams need to be blended to create a commercial product. The refinery planning process consists of crude oil processing, optimization of the process, and the safety of the process.…

OEA63T-Regression and Feedback of Blend Model Parameters

A refinery faces tough market competition. Hence, it must be automated. For competitive functioning, blending models must be updated for specific time intervals. Blend model customization is required for every 90 blends or after 90 days. This topic discusses blend…

OEA64T-Regulatory Blend Control

There is a control system for preparing the end products obtained by blending prepared by the recipe specifications set in the control system. Then the DCS (distributed control system) operates the specified pumps. This topic discusses DCS-based recipe control, typical/advanced…

OEA61T-Refinery Offsite Operations

Integration of offsite operations includes task control from beginning to end of operations, defining the sequence of the operation so that which task has priority may be clearly understood, and then operation monitoring. This topic discusses onsite and offsite operations,…

OEA58T-Pumps, MOVs, and Control Valves

Pumps and valves are used to maintain refinery processes continuously without sacrificing blend accuracy or quality. 10% to 15% of the capital investment in a refinery is for pumps and valves. This topic discusses equipment automation, the location, purpose, role…

OEA59T-Oil and Gas Industry Economics-101

Significant practice in various blending methods is measuring properties and analysis of stock qualities and product qualities. Samples are extracted for analysis and to verify the blend quality. This topic discusses sampling points, online measurement in a fuel blending system,…

OEA60T-Quality Relationships, Analysis, Measurements, and Control

Points of sampling and online measurements in a blending system helps adjust the proper fuel oil/diesel/gasoline quality. For this purpose, refinery operators take samples from specified locations and analyze them. This topic discusses sampling points, online measurement in a fuel…

OEA54T-Performance Tracking of Online Blend Control

Tracking the performance of an online blend control and optimizer system is crucial to detect problems. A simple, flexible, robust system can be deployed using MS Excel, SQL, or VBA to track post-blend performance. This topic discusses the objectives of…

OEA55T-Problems and Challenges of Offsite Operations

As technology advances, so makes market demand. For example, as air pollution is a significant concern, the market now demands that petroleum products reduce this pollution. Meanwhile, the change in-car technology also demands better petroleum byproducts for their running. This…

OEA56T-Product Blending

A refinery produces many blended products, such as asphalt and motor gasoline, to fit requirements. This topic discusses product yield and types of blending, gasoline blending, diesel blending, kerosene blending, fuel oil blending, lube oil blending, stationary batch tank lube…

OEA57T-Project Implementation Phases and Strategy

Blending operations involve mixing components, tank allocation, blending of stock products, storage, and product delivery. A well-structured schedule will therefore maximize profit by reducing the cost of transition and improving order delivery. This topic discusses the typical blending automation project…

OEA50T-Optimum Blend Control System Strategy

Component properties concerning blend component tanks may be obtained from laboratory analysis. Component circuits pool components with the same properties to improve blend recipe optimization. This topic discusses tank farms and component circuits; tank gauging systems; data reconciliation, interfaces, and…

OEA51T-An Overview of the Refining Industry

The integration of different systems in a refinery is essential to the performance improvement of various operations and processes. Integration includes the introduction of automated technologies, modern data acquisition systems, and computer programming techniques. This topic discusses offsite automation, blend…

OEA52T-An Overview of Offsite Operations

Fuel blending involves mixing two or more types of ingredients with unique attributes into one mixture. This is done to achieve the desired characteristics of all the products in one homogenous batch/final product. This topic discusses examples of blending, the…

OEA53T-An Overview of Fuel Blending Economics

Two variables that make a refinery unique: capability and capacity. Fuel blending and its optimization provide more complexity but better capacity and capability to a refinery. This topic discusses refinery complexity, world crude oil refining capacity, types of crude classifications,…

OEA46T-Offline Blend Planning and Optimization

Enterprise-wide blend planning is helpful in the optimization process of refinery operations. It requires integrated scheduling and planning to minimize the gap between operations. This topic discusses the blend planning process, gasoline blending, model constraints, optimization options, quality correlations, rollover…

OEA47T-The Economics of an Oil Movement and Storage System

The prime challenges concerning oil movement during refinery operations are many. They include performing an efficient periodic reconciliation of oil movements, managing an enormous data set, comparing anticipated data to actual output, and measuring losses. This topic discusses oil movement…

OEA48T-Online Analysis of Stock and Header Qualities

Modern oil refineries have incorporated an online analysis system. It consists of sensors, chemical analyzers, and other relevant parameter measurement devices. They are installed in the pipelines at various points. This topic discusses the online analysis system, discrete analyzers, multiplexed…

OEA49T-Online Blend Control and Optimization

The tank storage system and pipeline framework of oil refineries are constructed to accommodate different crude blends. The integration of proper online blending systems and automation strategies is essential to sustain maximum overall advantages. This topic discusses typical two-tier and…

OEA43T-Multi-Product Single-Period + Inventory

Diesel, gasoline, aviation fuel, and many other products are produced because of continuous processes during refinery operations. A final refinery product is obtained by blending many intermediate products to achieve the desired quality, quantity, and schedule specifications. This topic discusses…

OEA44T-Multi-Product and Multi-Period Optimization (8-Day Rollover)

A refiner aims to increase production while ensuring that specifications concerning petroleum products meet set standards. Mathematical programming models are used for this purpose. This topic discusses optimizing the built-in case for multi-period/multi-product planning models, the rollover process, stock tank…

OEA45T-Multi-Product, Single-Period Optimization

The main objective of superstructures is extending the model addressing a single product to multiple ones connected to the standard supply pipelines. A refinery should place and interconnect its intermediate streams to take advantage of its multiple production infrastructures. This…

OEA41T-Methods to Handle blend model errors

Linear and nonlinear data normalization, or reconciliation, entails a linear system and a nonlinear system with mass and energy scales and constraints. Nonlinear data reconciliation requires more work to create a solution strategy, but nonlinear blend models are closer to…

OEA37T-Lab Analysis of Stock and Product Qualities

In-line or continuous blending involves the mixture of several feedstocks in real-time with quality verified by installed analyzers. For in-batch productions, predetermined volumes of stock are sent into a mixing tank, and after mixing, samples are taken for laboratory analysis.…

OEA38T-Lab Exercise to Solve an LP Problem of a Small Refinery

OEA39T-Linear and Nonlinear Blend Models

The most critical issue of the blending process is selecting the optimal combination of components to produce the desired final product. Different hydrocarbon streams are considered while blending stocks. This topic discusses the comparison of linear, indexed linear, and nonlinear…

OEA40T-Methodology to Assess the Current State of Blending

Refineries can evaluate their performance by comparing it with other refineries using two different indices: automation effectiveness and operational efficiency. These indices are worthwhile in estimating financial investment when considering upgrades. This topic discusses performance measurement methodology, quantifying blending performance,…

OEA84T-The Mysteries of Octane

This topic answers all octane 20 quiz questions with detailed explanations. You will then have a better understanding of Octane and its mysteries.

OEA86T-The Quality Giveaway-Concept, Cost, and Reduction Benefits

This topic discusses the concept of quality giveaway and violation, cost estimation of RON and RVP giveaways, analysis of refinery giveaway data, butane blending for RVP, losing tangible benefits by the quality giveaway, estimation of quality giveaway cost, the concept…

OEA87T-The Roadmap to MCOR of Refinery Offsite Operations

This topic discusses refinery onsite versus offsite operations, MCOR of refinery operations, the effect of the MCOR on the bottom line, downstream refining challenges, benefits of automation of offsite operations, steps for efficient and effective operations. Further, it discusses the…

OEA70T-Strategic Fuel Blending Management and Technology

Modern automotive fuel could have come from as many as 15 different sources of hydrocarbons, each affecting the final specification and overall cost. Products can be mixed by various processes. This topic discusses challenges and factors affecting successful blends, blending…

OEA80T-Tank Fugitive Emission Measurement and Control

Fugitive emissions can come from many sources. This topic discusses methods to measure fugitive emissions, methods to generate periodical emission reports from fixed roof tanks, external flat floating roof tanks, external domed floating roof tanks, internal floating roof tanks, variable…

OEA81T-Terminal Operations

This topic discusses the supply chain, custody transfer challenges, specific challenges of marine terminals, refinery feeds receipt and product shipment, truck terminals, and challenges. In addition, the topic discusses more product shipment via trucks, truck terminal plot diagrams, truck loading…

OEA83T-Tank Quality Analysis, Measurement, and Prediction

This topic discusses methods to determine tank quality, method 1 – tank sample and lab analysis, a method to determine sampling and lab analysis load, typical refinery lab analysis load distribution, the economics of lab analysis, the justification to reduce…

OEA75T-The Journey of Octane Thru Refinery Lanes

OEA76T-Tank Farm Management

This topic discusses the need for storage, stages of storage, products and tank types, distribution of tanks & their capacities, management of a single tank vs. a tank farm, steps to determine tank inventory, methods to analyze/estimate tank qualities, fugitive…

OEA78T-Tank Gauging System

The appropriate design of a tank farm and its tank gauging system is vital for a refinery. This topic discusses the role of a tank and required information, steps to measure parameters and inventory, level sensing technologies, illustrative automatic tank…

OEA79T-Tank Inventory Management System

This topic discusses estimation of tank inventory, tank information system (TIS), and the role of a tank required. Also, further information of a tank required process parameters for a tank, cylindrical tank anatomy, conventions, flow of calculations, tank volume calculations…

OEA69T-Spectrum-Based Blend Indexes

OEA73T-How to Implement a Blending Control and Optimization Project

This topic discusses the role of a tank, tank inventory, the automatic tank gauging system (ATG), level sensing technologies, various types of gauges, the reflection of a wave from the surface, cylindrical tank anatomy and conventions, tank volume calculations from…

OEA74T-A Treatise of ASTM Standards

OEA68T-Single-Product, Single-Period Optimization

A refiner may choose a single blend spec for various grades of products. Here, quality is controlled by valves and RDOI control. A single product is chosen for a single period, then its recipe or volume is controlled according to…

OEA65T-Required Blending Data for Control and Optimization

In a refinery, product blending plays a vital role in preparing final products for marketing purposes. Databases keep records of feedstock inventory, availability of tanks, and blended qualities. This topic discusses blend component data, component quality/cost data, mandatory interfaces, interfaces…

OEA66T-Required Enterprise Changes to Implement Blending Projects

Automation needs to be efficient and sustainable to achieve an advantageous blending process while ensuring maximum profitability. This encourages a refiner to explore new technologies to meet operational targets. This topic discusses the automation project checklist, reasons for project failure,…

OEA67T-How to Implement an Oil Movement and Control Project

OEA88T-What Makes Blending a Complex Process

There is a basic equation involved in the blending process. This topic discusses factors behind the complexity of the blending process, blending as a nonlinear process, steps to match blending with reality, and the sources of errors. It will also…

OEA89T-Why Blending Projects Fail

OEA90T-Where and How to Start

Key performance indicators are used to assess the blending process. This topic discusses blending automation phases, a typical plant survey schedule, a typical study, master plan agenda, methodology to benchmark the plant blending automation state, an example of benchmark evaluation,…

OEA85T-Diesel or Gasoline, Which One to Produce More

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OEA21T-Data Reconciliation and Feedback

The process measurements performed by chemical plants or refineries often do not meet material and energy balance limits. To comply with the process of elimination, engineers can adjust the errors by a method called data reconciliation. This topic discusses identifying…

OEA32T-How to Identify and Reconcile Fuel Blending Errors

Blending methods inherit multiple sources of error during operation. These are flow calculations, blending models, values, analyzers, lab testing, and forecasts. Optimization and reconciliation of blend model parameters must be conducted to maximize profitability. This topic discusses how to identify…

OEA71T-Strategic Management and Automation of Refinery Offsite Operations

A refinery has various challenges in the context of offsite operations. This topic discusses onsite vs. offsite operations, offsite operational activities, problems and challenges, integration of offsite and onsite operations, offsite operations and hydrocarbon management, ROI vs. implementation for blending…

OEA72T-System Architecture-Integration and Interfaces

Refinery offsite automation helps to manage real-time blending as well as oil movements. This topic discusses refinery offsite automation islands, fuel blending integration islands, client-server architecture, system architecture, the typical technology set, required interfaces, process and system interfaces, offline blend…

OEA77T-Tank Farm Fundamentals

There are many stages of storage concerning all types of oil. There are also many factors affecting storage capacity. This topic discusses refinery products, daily refinery throughputs, storage stages, factors affecting tank farm storage capacity, methods to estimate tank farm…

OEA82T-The Management and Automation of OM&S in a Refinery

This topic discusses the extent of OM&S activities in a refinery, the status of OM&S automation, the effect of refiner capacity on no. of movements, typical OM&S activities, problem areas of in-plant oil movement, computer automation of OM&S, dynamic path…

OEA42T-Model-Based Predictions of Tank Qualities

For refinery operation purposes, tank behavior is dynamic and complex. It is not easy to know the precise tank level or inventory soon. This may increase a refinery’s operation expenses. This topic discusses methods to estimate product qualities, the economics…

OEA34T-Hydrocarbon Management in the Refining Industry

In this course, we will walk through the definition and overview of hydrocarbon management, examine the elements and processes involved, study business cases, use commercial software to perform calculations, and learn how to perform audits in the plant. This topic…

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OEA1T-Additives Control and Monitoring

Soluble chemicals, called additives, are mixed in gasoline to improve their performance characteristics. Additives are petroleum-based raw materials. The additives do not enhance the octane rating of gasoline. They serve only as lubricants and facilitate improving efficiency. This topic discusses…

OEA3T-Advanced Online Blend Control and Optimization

Typically, the blend control and optimization architecture are composed of three layers: offline optimizer, online control, optimization, and the regulatory blend control, or RBC. This topic discusses the significance and applicability of all three layers individually in the scheme of…

OEA4T-All About Gaseous Fuels

Gaseous fuels are the foundation of potential heat energy. They are gaseous state hydrocarbons consisting of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Pipes are used to disseminate gaseous fuels to transport them to their consumption place. This topic discusses economics, state and…

OEA5T-Analyzers and Sampling System

Physical and chemical processes add to refinery complexity. The profitability of a refinery depends on the efficiency of individual processes. Hence, there should be effective process monitoring. NIR spectrometry is very efficient for quantifying chemical and physical properties. This topic…

OEA6T-Applications of Mathematical Programming in the Refining Industry

Constraints on equations concerning mathematical programming may have decision variables and equalities/inequalities. In addition, the performance of formulations and data accuracy are vital factors for the efficiency of the mathematical model. This topic discusses mathematical programming and its attributes, crude…

OEA7T-Biofuels-A Perspective Part-i Gasohol

Biofuels are derived from waste or organic matter, such as crops. They are a reliable source of renewable energy. They are blended with other fuels like diesel and gasoline. Using them reduces the emission of carbon dioxide. This topic discusses…

OEA8T-Biofuels-A Perspective Part-ii Biodiesel

Biodiesel is a type of diesel fuel. It is obtained from animals or plants. It contains long-chain fatty acid esters composed of chemically reactive lipids. Biodiesel may be blended with Petro diesel or used alone. This topic discusses biodiesel properties…

OEA9T-Blend Header Design Considerations

The blend header is a common point where the components of a blending system flow concurrently. In other words, passages of various blending components are connected to the main channel along its length, the endpoint of which is called a…

OEA10T-Blend Models

Blend operations have evolved. This evolution has led to innovations in several strategies of blend technology. The main aim here is to increase the refining margins while keeping the physical properties of the blends unaffected. This topic discusses linear/nonlinear blend…

OEA11T-Blend Optimization

Product blending is the process of allocating components to a product and the application of mathematical programming to produce the required solution. This topic discusses the technology and methodology of blend optimization.